NADH

What is NADH?

As its name indicates, NADH, or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, or NAD+ for short. In other words, NADH has gained the electron lost by NAD+ [^[1]]. Together, NAD+ and NADH are known as a “redox couple.” When NAD+ gains an electron, it becomes NADH; when it loses the electron or becomes oxidized, it becomes NAD+ again. NAD+ affects cells’ energy metabolism, as well as DNA repair, cellular aging, and immune system function. NAD+ also lessens the inflammatory response [^[2]]. The balance between NAD+ and NADH is called the NAD+/NADH ratio. The NAD+/NADH ratio should ideally favor NAD+, but the overall balance is important [^[3]]. This ratio plays a role in regulating the intracellular environment, especially in the mitochondria, which is the energy powerhouse of the cell, and the nucleus, where mammalian cells’ DNA is located. NADH, specifically, plays a role in metabolism and energy production [^[3]].

What does NADH do in the body?

NADH helps the body make energy, which is why people living with chronic fatigue syndrome take it. Looking at NADH use in the body can provide an insider view into the energy expenditures of live cells [^[4]].

How can NADH help alleviate certain Long COVID symptoms and/or pathophysiology? 

In one study of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) patients, oral coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and NADH together reduced cognitive fatigue and improved quality of life. These effects may also extend to Long COVID patients [^[1]].