Naltrexone
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Montelukast for long COVID
MONTELUKAST
What is montelukast (Singulair)?
Montelukast is part of a class of medications known as leukotriene receptor antagonists. Leukotrienes, specifically LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, are pro-inflammatory mediators heavily involved in the mechanisms behind asthma. When provoked, leukotrienes constrict the airways, making breathing harder. Montelukast works by blocking leukotrienes from closing the airways, making breathing easier.
What is the relationship between montelukast and long-COVID?
For patients suffering from inflammatory respiratory symptoms of long-COVID such as wheezing, cough, exercise intolerance, and trouble breathing, montelukast may play a role in mitigating these symptoms [1]. Patients with COVID-19 have been found to have high levels of LTE4, a member of the leukotriene family, in the lung space. Montelukast could help decrease these levels. A pilot study conducted in long-COVID patients with cough lasting more than eight weeks found that adding montelukast decreased cough severity, decreased cough paroxysms per day, and a shorter duration of cough [2]. Although no formal recommendations for montelukast to treat long-COVID have been made, a more thorough clinical study is currently being conducted in Spain to examine the relationship between montelukast and cough in long-COVID patients [3].
References:
1https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.784214/full
2https://doi.org/10.1186/s43168-022-00154-6
3https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04695704
Active Clinical Trials: Long COVID, montelukast | Card Results | ClinicalTrials.gov
Zafirlukast for long COVID
ZAFIRLUKAST
What is Zafirlukast (Accolate)?
Zafirlukast is part of a class of medications known as leukotriene receptor antagonists. Leukotrienes, specifically LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, are pro-inflammatory mediators heavily involved in the mechanisms behind asthma. When provoked, leukotrienes constrict the airways, making breathing harder. Zafirlukast blocks leukotrienes from closing the airways, effectively making breathing easier.
What is the relationship between Zafirlukast and long-COVID?
For patients suffering from inflammatory respiratory symptoms of long-COVID such as wheezing, cough, exercise intolerance, and trouble breathing, zafirlukast may play a role in mitigating these symptoms [1]. Patients with COVID-19 have been found to have high levels of LTE4, a member of the leukotriene family, in the lung space. Zafirlukast could help decrease these levels. A study conducted on patients with COVID-19 showed that zafirlukast made no difference in the outcomes of patients; however, this study was done in hospitalized patients, not long-COVID patients residing at home [2]. Although formal recommendations for zafirlukast to treat long-COVID have yet to be made, additional studies could help close the gap and provide guidance regarding its use.
References:
1https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.784214/full
2https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9673052/
Vitamin C
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https://arkenea.atlassian.net/browse/COM-140
mRNA COVID-19 vaccination for long COVID
mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine (Pfizer, Moderna)
How can the COVID-19 vaccine prevent long-COVID?
The COVID-19 vaccine was developed to protect against an active COVID-19 infection. Although active infections are generally acute, long-COVID can last weeks to months. Patients with long-COVID are theorized to be living in a state of inflammation. COVID-19 sets off a cytokine storm, an immune system overresponse. Although the active infection is now gone, patients are still shedding the virus, resulting in symptoms of “brain fog,” exercise intolerance, and shortness of breath.
Researchers have begun to look at the connection between the COVID-19 vaccine and long-COVID to lessen this symptom burden. For instance, one study’s analysis found that people who got a single dose of the COVID-19 vaccine before testing positive for COVID had a 35% lower risk of developing long COVID compared with unvaccinated people who got COVID. They found that unvaccinated people who recovered from COVID and then got a vaccine lowered their long-COVID risk by 27% [1].
Can the COVID-19 vaccine treat long-COVID?
For those already diagnosed with long-COVID, several studies have aimed to find if the use of the COVID-19 vaccine can treat already existing long-COVID. One observational study revealed that COVID vaccination, after long COVID was tied to fewer symptoms, increased well-being, and less inflammation [2]. A second study out of the Mayo Clinic looked at 477 patients looking for treatment from long-COVID. The study found that vaccinated patients were less likely to report symptoms, including loss of smell, chest pain, dizziness, numbness, shortness of breath, tremors, and weakness. There was no significant difference between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients in reports of fatigue, muscle pain, tachycardia, or irregular heartbeat.
Additionally, at least one dose post-vaccination, several articles showed an improvement in long-COVID symptoms after at least one dose. At the same time, four studies reported no change or worsening in long-COVID symptoms after vaccination [3].
Overall, there is substantial evidence that the COVID-19 vaccine may be helpful in preventing and treating long-term COVID. Although the vaccine is not currently indicated for this purpose, additional research may help solidify its use for this condition.
References:
1https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/vaccination-may-protect-against-long-covid
3https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(22)00354-6/fulltext
Zileuton for long COVID
ZILEUTON
What is zileuton (Zyflo)?
Zileuton is part of a class of medications known as leukotriene receptor antagonists. Leukotrienes, specifically LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, are pro-inflammatory mediators heavily involved in the mechanisms behind asthma. When provoked, leukotrienes constrict the airways, making breathing harder. Zileuton blocks leukotrienes from closing the airways, effectively making breathing easier.
What is the relationship between zileuton and long-COVID?
For patients suffering from inflammatory respiratory symptoms of long-COVID such as wheezing, cough, exercise intolerance, and trouble breathing, zileuton may play a role in mitigating these symptoms [1]. Patients with COVID-19 have been found to have high levels of LTE4, a member of the leukotriene family, in the lung space. Zileuton could help decrease these levels. Studies have only been conducted on montelukast, a medication in the same class as zileuton. One of these studies found that adding montelukast decreased cough severity, decreased cough paroxysms per day, and a shorter duration of cough [2]. Although no formal recommendations for zileuton to treat long-COVID have been made, there is some potential for zileuton to aid in pulmonary symptoms associated with long-COVID.
1https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.784214/full
2https://doi.org/10.1186/s43168-022-00154-6
Treatment Article
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