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Melatonin for long COVID
MELATONIN
What is melatonin?
Melatonin is a hormone produced by the brain’s pineal gland in darkness. Melatonin synthesis relies on the amino acid tryptophan [[1]].
What does melatonin do in the body?
Melatonin helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle and helps us sleep. Light exposure at nighttime can block the production of melatonin [[2]]. While it is known as a sleep-promoting molecule, it also activates a molecule called NRF2, which plays an antioxidant role and prevents macrophages from acting in pro-inflammatory ways [[3]].
At high doses, melatonin can be a robust scavenger of free radicals, a feat accomplished by interacting with enzymes that boost the body’s antioxidant defenses [[1]].
Relevant to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, researchers believe melatonin has a variety of helpful functions: impairing COVID-19 infection; anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties; restoring and maintaining a sleep-wake cycle (also known as the circadian rhythm); treating comorbidities of COVID-19 including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular issues; neuroprotection; boosting function of COVID-19 vaccines [[4]].
How can melatonin help alleviate certain Long COVID symptoms and pathophysiology?
Because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory properties, melatonin can reduce symptoms associated with COVID-19. It also activates molecular activities inside the body’s cells that increase the expression of enzymes that make the potent antioxidant glutathione, which is another powerful supplement for Long COVID [[4]].
Brain inflammation is thought to lead to lesions in the brain, which can contribute to Long COVID symptoms such as “brain fog.” Melatonin can treat delirium and can also help improve sleep-wake cycles for COVID patients in the ICU and Long COVID patients who have circadian rhythm problems [[4]].
Lastly, in its role in protecting cells, melatonin can help prevent conditions that make COVID-19 outcomes worse, such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases [[4]].
Melatonin can potentially serve as a neuroprotective supplement to help Long COVID patients with “brain fog” – the cognitive dysfunction experienced by many Long COVID patients. It may also be useful to control pain in Long COVID patients [[4]].
Magnesium Threonate for long COVID
MAGNESIUM THREONATE
What is magnesium threonate?
Magnesium threonate is a form of magnesium that is more easily absorbed by the body than magnesium. The compound threonate is a supplement that makes magnesium more bioavailable in the body. Magnesium is an essential mineral in the body that is required to synthesize all B vitamins except vitamin B7 (biotin).
What does magnesium threonate do in the body?
Mitochondrial activity depends on B vitamins [[1]]. The body uses magnesium for physiologic functions and biochemical reactions. Magnesium may have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant effects. Magnesium supplements prevent damage to organs and tissues through multiple means; they are also anticholinergic, antihistamine, and anti-inflammatory. Magnesium supports lung function by reducing airway hyperreactivity and wheezing and promoting bronchodilation [[2]]. Magnesium plays a role in respiratory symptoms, reducing inflammation and restoring electrolyte abnormalities in COVID-19 [[2]].
How can magnesium threonate help alleviate certain Long COVID symptoms and/or pathophysiology?
Magnesium deficiency can be frequent in the intensive care unit, where it is linked to increased mortality, greater need for a ventilator, sepsis, and more extended hospital stays. Therefore, researchers believe magnesium deficiency could be associated with acute COVID-19 infection severity. In COVID-19 patients, magnesium supplementation prevents lung fibrosis, a rare but severe complication of COVID-19. Magnesium deficiency is also, more generally, associated with low-grade chronic inflammation. It also plays a role in maintaining endothelial and vascular function [[2]]. Magnesium also plays a recovery role in the post-acute phase of COVID-19 [[3]]. Magnesium supplementation in long COVID patients could help improve endothelial and vascular function and help protect against inflammation. Magnesium deficiency is linked to cognitive difficulties, post-exertional malaise, headache, dizziness, myalgia, and asthma in Long COVID [[4]].
Lastly, magnesium metabolism is also linked to vitamin D, which is also often recommended for Long COVID patients, and a vitamin D deficiency-associated problem cannot be corrected without enough magnesium [[4]].
Olive Polyphenol for long COVID
HYDROXYTYROSOL (OLIVE POLYPHENOL)
What is hydroxytyrosol?
Hydroxytyrosol is a substance found in olive oil. It is a polyphenol, which means it is a plant-based compound known to protect against cell damage due to inflammation and oxidative stress [[1]].
What does hydroxytyrosol do in the body?
Hydroxytyrosol has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It reduces the activity of cytokines, which are part of the immune response, especially in severe COVID, and can lead to Long COVID. It also prevents oxidative stress and inflammation in cells infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 [[2]].
How can hydroxytyrosol help alleviate certain Long COVID symptoms and pathophysiology?
Given that Long COVID is characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation, hydroxytyrosol can help via its actions preventing oxidative stress and inflammation in cells infected with COVID-19.
Research suggests, furthermore, that lingering SARS-CoV-2 virus can contribute to the pathophysiology of Long COVID and that these effects can be counteracted by antioxidants, including hydroxytyrosol, which reduce oxidative stress in cells [[3]].
Olive leaf extract improved the clinical status of hospitalized acute COVID-19 patients, improving respiratory rate and oxygen saturation [[4]]. Because olive polyphenols can improve acute COVID outcomes, they may show clinical promise for Long COVID, although more research is needed.
Combined with the amino acid arginine, hydroxytyrosol could deter the formation of harmful pro-inflammatory substances such as peroxynitrite, which is implicated in COVID-19-related organ dysfunction. Lessening inflammation, supporting immune function, protecting against damage from free radicals, and preventing blood vessel injury are just some things that arginine and hydroxytyrosol can do together [[2]].
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